Wednesday, January 30, 2013

VW ELECTRONIC POWER


EPC LIGHT EXPLAINED

As I mentioned before in my older blogs, the new generation of VW cars are designed to turn on an EPC Light (not check engine light) so that only the  Volkswagen dealership service technician or technicians are supposed to do any an all servicing and repairs.  The VW workshop manuals specifically discourages anyone other than a qualified or trained mechanics / auto-electrician and automotive technician to perform servicing, especially changing codes and performing readiness test.  This is because  incorrectly set readiness and adaptation settings can completely disable your car and virtually render it useless. To repair it would then cost a small fortune.

CHECK ENGINE LIGHT

An earlier blog, covers some late model VAG cars with fuel injection and electronically controlled throttle body instead of the traditional accelerator cable controlling the throttle valve. It is called Drive-by-wire or DBW for short. When the Engine Control Unit -ECU, which invariable is a computer in its own right detects a fault  Diagnostic Trouble Code - DTC  in the Drive-by-wire system, it registers a fault Diagnostic Trouble Code - DTC in its non volatile memory and turns on the EPC light, disables the accelerator and throttle bodylimit the engine to a maximum of 1500 rpm -"Limp Mode".  This would be sufficient power to "Limp Mode" the car to a service centre without causing further damage to the car or unduly polluting the air should the fault cause it to smoke. This is a safety precaution and can be equated with, what would happen if  an accelerator cable got stuck in the downward position. Disaster could follow. The Engine Control Unit -ECU collects faults Diagnostic Trouble Code - DTC from all senders and stores an internal list, which is only visible with a diagnostic tester. Diagnostic Trouble Code - DTC can range from excessive emissions to - intermittent air bag connections, from brake light failure to - depleted brake pads, from interior ultrasonic failure to - immobilizer problems to even disconnecting the battery. Each of these faults generates codes, some of which can be viewed in future blogs.

Should the Volkswagen Engine Control Unit -ECU  considered a Diagnostic Trouble Code - DTC to be so serious that it could possibly do harm to the engine or the environment, it will inhibit the throttle function and limit the engine revs or even disable starting or idling completely.  Unfortunately the only way to repair such problems, is to connect the  Volkswagen Golf,  Jetta, VW Polo, or Volkswagen Beetle, to a dignostic tester through its CAN-Bus / OBD2 / OBDII port and view  Diagnostic Trouble Code - DTC  if any and  Diagnostic Trouble Codes, clear them from memory and perform corrective procedures.  Below is an overview of the Electronic Power Control Circuit - EPC and how the Drive-by-wire system operates.
The basic operation of  the Electronic Power Control (EPC) Schematic showing inputs
from drive-train sensors and output signals to drive-train actuators.

Other INput senders could result in similar problems. For example - the Oxygen Sensor could detect that the exhaust fumes carbon mixture exceeds the prescribed level which is toxic to  the atmosphere and the environment. It could disable driving of the vehicle by enabling the Electronic Power Control Circuit - (EPC), turning on the EPC warning light or even disable starting not allowing the car to idle. This could be due to a dead plug causing the idling to be erratic and not burning up all the fuel. This un-burnt fuel will invariably change the exhaust fumes composition which triggered the Catalytic Converter and Oxygen Sensor in the first place.

Like wise, when the brake light bulbs blow or the fuse to the brake circuit blows, an INput signal from the brake light sender could also activate the Electronic Power Control Circuit - (EPC), turning on the EPC warning light causing the car to go into "Limp Mode" because driving a car on a public road without brake lights is an accident just waiting to happen. In fact the Engine Control Unit (ECU) looks upon this car as non-roadworthy as a safety procedure. In a previous blog I described an Electronic Power Control Circuit - (EPC)which switches on the EPC light problem caused by an INput  signal from one of the knock sensors with the same results as above. Other senders INputs that can cause similar problems are:-

The Engine Speed Sender G28 situated at the flywheel.
The Hall Sender G40 situated at camshaft pulley
The Hot Air Mass Meter G70 and intake Air Temperature sender G42 situated near intake manifold.
The Lambda probe G130 situated upstream of catalytic converter
The Lambda probe G39  before catalyst converter
The Knock sensor I - G61 below intake manifold
The Knock sensor II - G66 below intake manifold
The Accelerator Position Senders G79 and G185 embedded in accelerator pedal (EPC Problem)
The Clutch pedal switch F36 situated in the drivers foot well.
The Brake light switch F and brake light switch F47 situated in the drivers foot well.
The Throttle control valve / motor drive assembly  J338 
The Angle Senders  G187 and G188 situated inside throttle body.
The Fuel Pressure Sender -G247

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Sunday, January 27, 2013

POWER CONTROL


ELECTRONIC POWER CONTROL EXPLAINED

As I mentioned in a previous, blog German Automotive Technology is really, really cool. German car design and automotive technology is currently at the forefront of going green, with the result that all other motor manufacturers are turning green with envy. Pardon the pun. German car design technology doesn't flaunt the colour green as eco-friendly but rather blue. 

Mercedes is pushing Blue Efficiency as their future technology and VW is flaunting Bluemotion as their new technology.  Polo de Volkswagen Bluemotion technology started out with the 2007 Polo (not my 2007 Polo Classic) and may be seen in some of their new vehicles. It's futuristic in the sense that it saves fuel. It saves all the fuel that would have been used, if the car was allowed to idle. Blue Efficiency and Bluemotion fuel technology doesn't allow the car's engine to idle, so when you start the car, it doesn't actually idle but the dashboard lights indicate that the engine has started. Logically there is no engine noise since there are no revs. The moment the car is engaged into gear and you remove your foot from the brake pedal, the engine starts instantly and pulls away as if it has been idling all the time. Exactly the same happens when coming to a compete stop at a traffic light or stop street. The engine switches off when the car comes to a halt, and remains off whiles you foot keeps the brake pedal depressed. However, the moment the pedal is released, the engine starts and the car moves off as if the engine was never switched off. There is no delay.

Having  said that, can you contemplate or just imagine the complexity of the electronics, both hardware and software employed in Bluemotion Technology, considering that many of the service agents are even stymied by the current German technology used in cars prior to 2008. The EPC on Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, is just one of them. Central locking is another, ABS is a third and airbag a fourth. Intermittent reverse light whilst driving a fifth, brake light is on, blowing brake light fuses is a sixth and the list goes on. The repair and service charges for the non-Blue motion vehicles are already over the top so what can we expect to pay for repairs to Bluemotion technology vehicles. Besides who is going to repair them? Currently service agents are trowing spare parts at each electronic problem hoping that it would solve the problem but in most cases doesn't solve the problem.

Anyway, it appears that quite a few visitors who viewed my Electronic Power Control EPC solution blog have no idea what a potentiometer (sender)  is, so let me explain and use the VW Polo accelerator pedal [accelerator position sensor (G79 & G185)] as a basis for understanding. Below is a picture of a potentiometer marked "A" that may be used in an electronic circuit. It specific one could be used as a volume control in an amplifier, or a sensitivity control on a disco strobe or a brightness control for a lamp dimmer. The uses for potentiometers are endless and has been used in cars for quite some time.

An overview of the  Electronic Power Control Circuit - EPC  in Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda.

The accelerator sender marked B and the throttle body housing marked C as seen above each have a gang potentiometer (meaning more than one potemtiometer in the same housing)  VW calls these both these potentiometers senders since they provide input to the ECU - Engine control Unit.  The ECU controls  the Drive-by-wire and any problems with it causes the car to go into "Limp Mode" resulting in the EPC warning light or other dashboard lights to come  on. Have a look at Electronic Power as to how the entire accelerator throttle  circuit is controlled and interfaces with the OBD2 /OBD II and Can Bus network.



Wednesday, January 9, 2013

DRIVE BY WIRE


VW - DRIVE BY WIRE (Drive-by-Wire)

If you arrived on the VW Polo website because you searched for  Drive by Wire (DBW), EPC, or EPC light or engine won't rev, Steer-by-Wire, or limp mode,  then you have certainly arrived at the right place. There are several definitions for ECP, the first of which will be explained, is Electronic Parts Catalog (EPC).

EPC stands for Electronic Parts Catalogue (EPC) and all Audi, Volkswagen,  Skoda and SEAT parts are listed in ETKA V7.2 EPC (Electronic Parts Catalogue). This catalogue is purchasable online and downloadable but the file is huge. Companies like Mercedes Benz, Toyota,  Enigma, Attrakt among many, many others host computer based electronic catalogs of the individual auto parts and accessories that make up their engines, cars, tractors, specialized machinery and farming equipment etc. Restated, an EPC is a catalogue in electronic format much like CVS data or a database file or similar, that can be downloaded or is accessible online.

Then there is the second type of EPC - Electronic Parts Catalog (EPC) software. MultiCat and Msys.EPC are companies that specialize in the software that can display an exploded view of an assembled device. For example, the exploded view of an engine, or gearbox, or cylinder head, showing the individual bolts and nuts, flanges, hoses and brackets, etc. and their component part numbers.

Thirdly, there is also the Electronics Parts Catalog (EPC) which is an electronic list or database of semiconductor components, from diodes to transistors to integrated circuits to thyristors, etc... This EPC is often called and equivalents book or catalog and hosts the specifications of semiconductors from several manufacturers. A typical EPC is the RS Electronic Components and Tools Database. This EPC doubles up as the third type of EPC which is the Electronic Product Code. Component Product Codes look like,  1N4148 or BC337, MCP2515, TYN812RG, etc... for electronic components.

However, there are many more EPC definitions, some of them can be found at the end of this blog. I could explain all of them individually but none has any relevance to the subject at hand, viz EPC - Drive by Wire. Drive-by-Wire also know as  DbW, Steer-by-Wire "x-by-wire" or simply "by-wire".


DRIVE BY WIRE

And finally, the Electronic Power Control (EPC) that freaks out almost each and every VW 1.6 PoloAudi TT, Skoda, SEAT and  Golf TDI, owner. Most vehicles with Drive by Wire [Drive-by-Wire (throttle control)] usually have a Electronic Power Control (EPC) indicator lights on its dashboard which lights up when  there's a problem with the Drive-by-Wire system. This would involve the two accelerator pedal sensors G79 and G185 and in some cases the two sensors G187, G188 inside throttle control valve body - control actuator. [As discussed in my previous blogs] When the engine idles, neither the Throttle Valve Angle Sensor nor the Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor are monitored for faults by the ECU, as suchthe engine does not respond to accelerator input but will limit engine to 1200 RPM.

The  basic components that constitute the Electronic Power Control (EPC) circuit. 
There is no throttle cable involved, because its an electronic throttle control.
The Electronic Power Control (EPC) circuitry consists of EPC light, Accelerator Pedal, Throttle Control Valve,  DBW  (no throttle cable,) Injectors and the Engine Control Unit (ECU). Have a look at the diagram above. The inputs to the ECU is marked green and the outputs from the ECU is marked blue.  Check that the brake light bulbs are OK, if not check the brake fuses. There are other inputs to the ECU from numerous other sensors or units for example the Automatic Gearbox Control unit, Cruise control unit, Air conditioning unit, Lambda Regulation unit, Knock Sensor units, Alternator, Engine Speed Sensor unit, ABS and the  Power-assisted steering unit to mention but  a few. 

The CAN-Bus bidirectional connection is marked in orange. Some of the other inputs like Knock sensors and Lambda regulator and Engine Speed Sensor unit can also cause the EPC light to come on. If the Engine Speed Sensor unit is responsible, it will reset itself after a while and if the Lambda regulation is faulty the vehicle will smoke and turn on both MIL and EPC lights, but if the Drive-by-Wire - DBW (not drive by cable) system is faulty then only the EPC light will be on.


Both the accelerator sensors and the throttle valve sensors work on the same principle since all 4 of them are potentiometers. The input voltage is 5 Volts and the increments are in millivolts implying that there is an  acceleration range of between 0 and 5000.  Throttle valve angle  sensor 1 and Throttle valve angle sensor 2Accelerator position sensor 1 and Accelerator position sensor 2 sliders makes contact with the resistive track and outputs the appropriate voltage level to the ECU. These resistive tracks are prone to go faulty since they are gold plated contacts running on gold plated copper tracks etched on a PCB. Over time the contacts wears right through the gold and copper plating, only making contact with the bakelite or fibreglass substrate. This type of potentiometers are less reliable than ceramic thick-film potentiometers.

When the EPC warning light goes on and your acceleration goes limp and the engine won't rev-up there is an easy cure but there may be exceptions. Get the car home even if it means driving really slowly in "Limp Mode". Once home, disconnect the battery for about 15 minutes or so, but not more than 20 minutes then reconnect. NB! do not disconnect the Live terminal, disconnect the Earth terminal. If the battery is disconnected for more than 20 mins you will lose your radio settings since the radio also participates in volatile and non-volatile memory of  the CAN-Bus

Reconnect the battery but make certain that the ignition is off. Once this is done, turn on the ignition so that the dashboard lights go on but do not start your car and DO NOT touch your accelerator pedal. After about 5 minutes the throttle body will aligns itself. After 10 minutes turn off the ignition, wait for 2 mins then start the car and let it idle for abut 2 minutes as well. By now, the EPC warning light should be off and the engine will rev as normal.You may have to to this twice. If this worked for you, please do give me some feedback with a comment.


VW Airbag diagnostics 

VW Instruments - Immobilizer

   
DON'T FORGET to VISIT

VW, SEAT SKODA and AUDI OWNERS  found the following sites interesting.  
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COME MORE EPC DEFINITIONS

EPC - Engineering, Procurement & Contracting, 
EPC - Engineering, Plant  Construction,
EPC - European Paralympic Committee,
EPC - Electronic Product Code, 
EPC - Event Promotional Council,
EPC - Energy Performance Certificate,
EPC - Engineering, Procurement and Construction, 
EPC - Event-driven Process Chain, 
EPC - Evolved Packet Core,
EPC - European Patent Convention,
EPC - Eastern Provincial Council, 
EPC - Electronic Poetry Center, 
EPC - European Policy Centre,
EPC - European Political Community, 
EPC - European Political Cooperation, 
EPC - Evangelical Presbyterian Church 
EPC - Export Promotion Council, 
EPC - Electricity Plant Controller, 
EPC - ElectroPlating Cathode,
EPC - European Payments Council,
EPC - Electronic Packet Collision,
EPC - Electrical Professionals Council,
Etc...,

Friday, December 7, 2012

EPC LIGHT

EPC LIGHT

A few months ago the battery in my VW Polo Classic remote key, gave up the ghost.  I used the remote key to lock the car and set the alarm / immobilizer the night before but it refused to open the doors the following morning. So I unlocked the car with the key.  That’s when I realized that my 2007 VW Polo Classic Highline only has one door lock and that I only had access via the driver’s side door.   Neither the left side passenger door nor the rear doors on either side have any locks keyholes. This didn't surprise me because cutting cost has become the new standard in new car design. By not fitting these legacy locks, the car manufacturer saves the cost of three locks, the internal door mechanisms and the labour cost to install them when the car is assembled.  Multiply this amount of savings by the entire vehicle production for the year and you can surely see their total saving.

The Battery inside the electronic key housing.

That brings me to another cost saver implemented in most cars manufactured during 1996 and later. If you heard about OBD II (On-Board Diagnostics II) and CAN-Bus (Controller Area Network-Bus), you will have some notion what I am talking about. With the implementation of CAN-Bus auto electric wiring has been reduced to a bare minimum.  The average older car had between 300 – 400 meters of wiring, used for its head lights, tail lights, windscreen wipers, horn, dashboard electrics, alarm system, central locking, interior lighting etc, etc ...  Much of this wiring are roughly the same thickness (0.5 - 1.5 mm square) to carry the required current to the various devices.  But inside the engine compartment there are numerous thicker wires for the starter, ignition, air conditioner fan motor, alternator, main supply to the fuse box as well as  earth straps to mention but a few.   All these copper wires range between 1.5mm square – 15mm square, some of which are tin plated to minimize corrosion. Not only is this 400 meters of copper wiring expensive, it also weights a good 60-70 kgs.

By embracing the CAN-Bus technology, manufacturers save on the purchase of about 50Kgs of copper wire. Fifty kilograms of copper wire multiplied by the annual car production gives you some idea of the overall saving. Fifty kilograms taken off the weight of a car also gives it a better 'power to weight ratio' hence making it more fuel efficient.  With CAN-Bus technology,  all the  control modules in the car are interconnected, on a serial data network, each module taking charge of a sub circuit of  the electrical system. These modules are network similar to USB (Universal Serial Bus) used in computer networking.

VW EPC LIGHT

However,  CAN-Bus and OBD II was not implemented to save copper, nor to lessen the weight of cars neither to make cars  more fuel efficient.  It was firstly agreed upon by the EPA, then legislated by several Governments whose countries manufacture cars, to install an EMS (Engine Management System) in every new car built after 1996. This management system would monitor the engine and transmission of the car and insure that 'engine emission levels' stayed within a predetermined margin of compliance.  If this level is exceeded due to engine malfunction, the embedded diagnostic system should be able to recognize it and recorded such malfunction and also alert the driver with some form of MIL (Malfunction Indicator Light). Alternatively turn on the EPC light (Electronic Power Control - epc warning light) and stops the  car from revving up or  inhibit the management system and shut the car down.  The frequency of engine misfires or malfunctions are recorded in code format (vw epc code) designed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in the ECU's non-volatile memory which is only accessible by the service agents or by someone with a modern day ODB II / CAN-Bus compliant diagnostic scan appliance.

Anyway let me return to the story of the remote control battery. Off I went to the local VW agent to buy a replacement battery.  I drove  a good 40 Km there  and back but still returned without the battery. It was just way too expensive for a small mercury cell. Problem was, I didn't phone to find out how much it cost. At the price that this VW agent charged for the  fob key battery I could manufacture it myself and it would still be cheaper. So I scouted around at a few photographic shops for this particular battery and eventually found a pharmacy that sold them. Hypothetically, if I bought all the pharmacy’s battery stock and sold it to this VW agents at half their asking price I would in fact have made a very comfortable living.

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